Maɓallin anka yana da sauƙi: tono tashoshi, sanya gefen layin, sannan a cika shi. Don tafkin gona, hakan na iya isa. Amma ga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙasƙanci na zamani, wannan ra'ayi mai sauƙi bai isa ba. Rufe ƙasa ba kawai game da riƙe lilin ba ne; horo ne mai mahimmancin injiniya wanda ke sarrafa babban damuwa, sarrafa ƙauran iskar gas, kuma yana tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka na shekaru da yawa.

Kamar yadda a geosynthetics maroki, Mun ga yadda kasawa a wuraren ƙarewa shine babban dalilin keta tsarin layin layi mai tsada. A California, bincike ya nuna cewa hatta matsugunan da ke da ingantattun layukan na iya fama da gurɓacewar ruwa a cikin ƙasa kawai saboda iskar methane ya wuce tsarin a gefuna mara kyau. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa fahimtar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙasƙanci da ƙarewa ba za a iya sasantawa ba. Wannan jagorar tana ba da cikakkun ƙa'idodin aikin injiniya da ake buƙata don wannan mahalli mai girma.

Bari mu fara da binciko ma'auni na musamman waɗanda ke keɓance matsugunan ƙasa.

1. Ma'auni Mai Mahimmanci Na Musamman ga Filayen ƙasa

Ƙarfafawa da yanayi a cikin rumbun ƙasa sun sha bamban sosai da kowane aikace-aikacen ƙulli.

• Matsanancin Damuwa na Injini: Za a iya tara sharar ƙasa zuwa tsayin mita 30 zuwa 60. Wannan babban nauyi (ƙarfafa matsi sama da 600 kPa) yana haifar da matsi mai mahimmanci da damuwa akan geomembrane, musamman akan gangaren gefe. Dole ne tsarin anga ya yi tsayayya da waɗannan ƙarfi, ƙarfin nauyi na dindindin.
• Yawan Gas da Hijira: Rushewar dattin kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da babban adadin iskar methane. Wannan iskar gas yana taruwa a ƙarƙashin layin, yana haifar da matsa lamba da kuma neman hanyoyin tserewa. Wuraren ƙarewar layin layin sune hanyoyin mafi haɗari don wannan iskar don ƙaura zuwa cikin ƙasa da ke kewaye da ruwan ƙasa.
• Haɗaɗɗen Tsarin Layi Mai Layi: Wuraren shara na zamani suna amfani da tsarin layi-biyu don sakewa-launi na farko (misali, 2.0 mm HDPE) da kuma na biyu (misali, 1.5 mm HDPE ko GCL). Dole ne a ƙare waɗannan yadudduka da kansu don yin aiki daidai; Ba za a iya haɗa su kawai a cikin rami ɗaya ba.
• Tsarin Gine-gine a Salon: Ana gina wuraren cika ƙasa a cikin sel masu hankali. Wannan yana nufin sabbin tsarin layin layi dole ne a haɗa su cikin gwaninta zuwa waɗanda suke a tsaka-tsakin sel, ƙirƙirar ƙalubalen ƙarewa da ƙalubalen haɗi waɗanda ke buƙatar tsayayyen tsari da aiwatarwa.

2. Ƙirar Gida: Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa

Ramin anga ita ce hanyar ƙarewa ta gama gari, amma ga ƙasƙan ƙasa, ƙirarsa dole ne ta kasance daidai kuma ana goyan bayan ta da ƙididdiga.

Daidaitaccen Girma da Siffa

Siga	Yawan Girma	Bayanin kula
Zurfin	0.75 m - 1.0 m	Zai iya zama 1.0-1.5 m don aikace-aikacen matsananciyar damuwa.
Nisa	0.75 m - 1.0 m	Yana ba da isassun abin da ya dace don juriya.
Komawa daga Crest	0.6 m	Yana kiyaye mahara daga gefen gangare mara tsayayye.
Kusurwoyi	Zagaye, ba kaifi ba	Yana hana yawan damuwa akan kayan layi.

Natsuwa da Factor Safety

Babban manufar ramin shi ne samar da isassun ƙarfin juriya daga ƙasa mai cike da baya don tinkarar ƙarfin jujjuyawar da ke kan layin. Ana tabbatar da wannan ta amfani da a Iyakance Binciken Ma'auni don ƙididdige Factor of Safety (FOS).

FOS = Resisting Forces / Driving Forces ≥ 1.5

Don ƙasƙan ƙasa mai yawan damuwa, ana iya karɓar FOS na 1.3 don tafki, amma mafi ƙarancin 1.5 yana da mahimmanci. Dole ne ƙira ta ƙididdige ƙarfi daga nauyin nauyin kai, ƙasa mai rufewa, yuwuwar matsa lamba, da ƙanƙanwar zafi. Idan bincike ya nuna FOS < 1.5, dole ne a ƙara zurfin rami ko nisa.

3. Ƙarshen Ƙarshe don Multi-Layer da Multi-Cell Systems

Wannan shine inda ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙasƙanci ya keɓance da gaske daga aikin gama-gari.

Kashe Tsarukan Layi Biyu Daban Daban

Kuskure akai-akai shine dakatar da layin farko da na sakandare a cikin rami ɗaya. Wannan ba daidai ba ne. Dole ne a dakatar da layin biyu a ciki ware, a kwance ramuka biya diyya.

Me yasa? Idan duka masu layi biyu an kulle su a cikin taro na baya-bayan nan, tsarin ya rasa 'yancin kai. Damuwa, daidaitawa, ko motsi mai zafi wanda ke shafar layin farko ana tura shi kai tsaye zuwa layin na biyu, wanda zai iya haifar da wrinkling ko tashin hankali wanda ke lalata amincin sa. Rarrabe wuraren anga yana ba kowane mai layi damar ɗaukar damuwa da kansa, yana kiyaye mahimman tsarin tsarin.

Haɗin Liners a Inter-Cell Berms

Lokacin da ake gina sabon tantanin halitta kusa da wanda yake da shi, ana haɗa masu layi a madaidaicin rarrabawa. Wannan yana buƙatar haɗi mai ƙarfi inda aka tura sabon geomembrane (Cell 2) zuwa zoba abin da ke nan, anga layin daga Cell 1 da aƙalla mita 0.6 zuwa 1.0. Wannan sashe da ya mamaye yana ci gaba da haɗawa da walda don ƙirƙirar shinge mara kyau, mara ƙarfi tsakanin sel.

4. Ƙarshen Injini: Haɗa zuwa Tsarin Kankare

Inda layin layin dole ya ƙare a kan simintin siminti kamar sump ɗin leached ko bangon tushe, madaidaicin anka na ƙasa ba zaɓi bane. Anan, ana buƙatar anga na inji.

Hanyar daidaitaccen hanya ita ce ta amfani da tsiri.

1. Ana matse geomembrane da ƙarfi a kan tsaftataccen wuri mai santsi.
2. Ƙarfe mai lebur na bakin karfe ko aluminum (tauraron batten, misali, 30x50 mm) an sanya shi a kan geomembrane.
3. Ana fitar da ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa ta hanyar batten ɗin da geomembrane zuwa cikin kankare a tsaka mai wuya, yawanci. kowane 0.3 zuwa 0.4 mita.
4. Ana amfani da ƙwanƙwasa ci gaba mai dacewa na sitiriyo tare da saman gefen ɗigon batten don ƙirƙirar hatimin ruwa.

Don sabon gini, ana iya jefa bayanan martaba na HDPE kai tsaye cikin siminti. Hakanan ana iya haɗa geomembrane kai tsaye zuwa wannan tsiri na HDPE, yana ƙirƙirar hatimi mafi girma, monolithic.

5. Sarrafa Babban Hatsari: Hijira Gas da Shigar Bututu

Waɗannan su ne manyan wuraren gazawa mafi mahimmanci a cikin tsarin ƙulla ƙasa.

Hana Hijira Gas a wuraren Kashewa

Hanya na farko don zubar da iskar gas shine ƙaura tare da gefen layin. Don hana wannan, duk welds a wuraren ƙarewa dole ne su kasance 100% ci gaba kuma ba a gwada shi ba. Ana yin wannan sau da yawa tare da a gwajin akwatin injin, wanda ya shafi tsotsa a kan dinki don bincika ko yatsanka wanda ba zai iya gani da ido ba. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa duk kewayen yana da iska.

Rufewa Around Abubuwan Shiga Bututu

Shigar bututu sanannen wuraren zubewa ne. Hanyar da ta dace tana amfani da riga-kafi HDPE bututu. Wannan wani bangare ne mai siffa mai mazurari mai lebur flange (skirt) da kunkuntar abin wuya (wuyansa). Shigarwa tsari ne na walda mai matakai biyu:

1. Siket ɗin lebur ɗin takalmin yana waldawa zuwa babban geomembrane ta amfani da walda mai zafi.
2. Abin wuyan takalmin yana haɗa zafi da zafi zuwa bangon waje na bututun mai shiga ta hanyar amfani da walda na extrusion, yana ƙirƙirar hatimi mai dorewa.

6. Haɓaka Ƙarfin Jiki: Damuwar zafi da ƙididdige ƙididdigewa

HDPE has a high coefficient of thermal expansion, with surface temperatures on a landfill liner varying from -10°C in winter to over 70°C in direct summer sun. A liner installed too tightly will crack under tension in the cold. To prevent this, a calculated amount of "slack" dole ne a bayar.

Za a iya ƙididdige slack ɗin da ake buƙata tare da dabara:
Slack = α × L × ΔT
Inda:

• α shi ne mikakke coefficient na thermal fadadawa don HDPE (~ 0.00015 / ° C).
• L shine tsawon layin layin tsakanin maki anka.
• ΔT shine mafi girman canjin yanayin zafi.

In practice, experienced installers often use a "thermal tensioning gauge" ko sanya layin layi tare da waviness mai sarrafawa yayin shigarwa don tabbatar da raguwa ya faɗi cikin kewayon da aka tsara-isa don hana tashin hankali, amma ba don haka ya haifar da manyan wrinkles masu matsala ba.

7. Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa: Tabbacin Ƙimar Gina (CQA) don Ƙarshe

Don wuraren zubar da ƙasa, CQA tsari ne mai tsauri, wanda aka wajabta bisa doka. Don angawa da ƙarewa, ya wuce abin dubawa mai sauƙi na gani.

Jerin Tabbatarwa na CQA

Dole ne ma'aikatan CQA su tabbatar kuma su rubuta:

• Girman Anchor Trench: Dubawa na yau da kullun (misali, kowane mita 60) don tabbatar da zurfin rami, faɗi, da haɓaka suna cikin juriyar ƙira (misali, ± 10%).
• Liner Slack: Tabbatarwa na gani cewa an bar isassun ƙwanƙwasa a cikin layin kafin a cika mahara.
• Ƙunƙarar Ƙarfafawa: Tabbatar da cewa an sanya kayan baya a cikin siraran ɗagawa (<15 cm) kuma an haɗa shi zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai (misali, ≥95% MDD), kuma kayan aikin ba su taɓa yin aiki kai tsaye a kan layi ba.
• Weld Mutunci: 100% dubawa da mara lalacewa gwaji na duk welds a inji terminations da shigar azzakari cikin farji.

Gyaran lahani

Dole ne shirin CQA ya haɗa da ka'idoji don gyara lahani na gama gari.

Lalabi	Dalilan gama gari	Magani	Sharuɗɗan Karɓar CQA
Tunani	Ƙarƙashin ƙasa mara daidaituwa	Sake saka maɓallin ƙasa kuma sake tabbatarwa	Girma a cikin ± 5 cm
Wrinkles	Rage wuce gona da iri	Daidaita layin layi don rage tsayin igiyar ruwa	Wrinkles < 5 cm tsayi
Tashin hankali	Rashin isassun kasala	Yanke da faci kabu don sakin tashin hankali	Faci ya gamu da ƙarfin kabu 100%.

Ƙarshe

Tsayawa daidai da ƙarewar geomembrane mai cike da ƙasa wani hadadden horo ne wanda ke buƙatar ingantaccen tsarin aikin injiniya da kisa. Yana buƙatar cikakken ƙira wanda ya haɗa ilimin injiniyoyi na ƙasa, kimiyyar kayan aiki, da mafi kyawun ayyuka na gini. Daga ƙididdige madaidaicin zurfin rami da izni mai rauni zuwa aiwatar da walda mara lahani akan takalman bututu, kowane daki-daki yana da mahimmanci. Ta hanyar kula da waɗannan wuraren ƙarewa tare da tsantsar kulawar da suka cancanta, kuna tabbatar da amincin tsarin ɗaukar hoto gaba ɗaya.