TSF ba dam kawai ba ne; babban tsari ne, mai girma, kuma ingantaccen injiniya wanda aka tsara don yin ayyuka biyu lokaci guda. Dole ne ta adana miliyoyin ton na sharar ma'adanan cikin aminci yayin da take sake yin amfani da ruwa mai yawa.
TSF tana aiki ta hanyar keɓe ƙaƙƙarfan sharar ma'adanan ( wutsiya) da ruwa. Daskararrun sun daidaita don samar da ajiyar ajiya, yayin da ake tattara ruwan, a sake yin fa'ida, a mayar da su zuwa masana'antar sarrafa. Tsari ne mai ci gaba, mai ɗorewa wanda ake sarrafa shi a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa tsawon rayuwar ma'adinan.
Daga gwaninta na samar da tsarin layi don waɗannan wurare masu mahimmanci, zan iya gaya muku cewa TSF yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi hadaddun sifofi akan kowane rukunin ma'adinai. Ba kamar dam ɗin ruwa na gargajiya da aka gina sau ɗaya ba, ana gina TSF cikin matakai cikin shekaru da yawa. Nasarar ta ya dogara ne akan madaidaicin ma'auni na injiniyan ƙasa, sarrafa ruwa, da sa ido akai-akai. Yi kuskure, kuma sakamakon zai iya zama bala'i.
Ta yaya ake jigilar wutsiya da ajiyewa cikin TSF?
Bayan murkushe tama da sarrafa tama, za a bar ku da ɗimbin ɗimbin ɓangarorin dutse, ruwa, da sauran sinadarai. Wannan slurry, wanda aka sani da wutsiya, dole a je wani wuri.
Tailings are most commonly transported from the processing plant to the TSF as a slurry through pipelines. The slurry is then discharged into the facility, where the solids begin to settle out, forming a gentle slope called a "beach."
Ana sarrafa tsarin ajiya a hankali don gina kayan aiki akan lokaci.
Slurry Transport da Warewa
slurry, yawanci 50-55% daskararru, ana fitar da su ta cikin bututu zuwa wuraren fitarwa ɗaya ko fiye ( spigots) tare da shingen TSF. Yayin da slurry ke gudana zuwa cikin kayan aikin, rabuwar dabi'a tana faruwa:
- Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwar Farko: Mafi nauyi, barbashi mai kama da yashi suna fita daga dakatarwa da sauri, suna samar da ingantaccen rairayin bakin teku kusa da wurin fitarwa.
- Kyawawan Barbashi Na Ci gaba: Mafi kyawun silt da lãka mai girman yumbu sun tsaya tsayin daka a cikin ruwa kuma ana ɗaukar su zuwa tsakiyar wurin.
- Samfuran Tafki Mai Girma: Wannan tsari yana barin tafki mai tsabtataccen ruwa a tsakiyar TSF, wanda aka sani da tafki mai girma.
Wannan rarrabuwa ba wai kawai abin da aka samu ba ne; muhimmin bangare ne na zane, musamman ga wasu hanyoyin gini. A wasu tsarin zamani, kamar wutsiyoyi masu kauri ko tacewa, ana cire yawancin ruwa kafin ajiya don inganta kwanciyar hankali da dawo da ruwa.
Ta yaya tsare tsare sarrafa kwanciyar hankali da seepage?
TSF asali madatsar ruwa ce, kuma aikinta na farko shine kiyaye wutsiyoyi har abada. Wannan yana buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan shinge da aka gina tare da daidaiton yanayin ƙasa.
Wurin ƙulli, ko bangon dam, yana ba da kwanciyar hankali na tsari. An gina shi a cikin matakai ta amfani da ɗayan hanyoyi uku-na sama, ƙasa, ko tsakiyar layi-kowanne yana ba da ma'auni na farashi daban-daban, amfani da kayan aiki, da kwanciyar hankali na girgizar kasa.
Zaɓin hanyar gini shine ɗayan yanke shawara mafi mahimmanci a ƙirar TSF, waɗanda dalilai kamar yanayi, girgizar ƙasa, da kayan gini ke samuwa.
| Hanyar Gina | Yadda ake Tashe shi | Amfani | Rashin amfani |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upstream | Ana gina kowace sabuwar kiwo a saman wutsiyar da aka yi a baya. | Mafi ƙarancin farashi; yana amfani da wutsiya a matsayin kayan gini. | Mafi ƙasƙanci kwanciyar hankali; yana buƙatar jinkirin haɓakawa da bushewar yanayi. |
| A ƙasa | Kowane sabon haɓaka ana gina shi a gefen ƙasa na baya. | Mafi kwanciyar hankali, musamman a girgizar ƙasa; mai lafiya sosai. | Mafi girman farashi; yana buƙatar mafi yawan kayan gini. |
| Layin tsakiya | Ƙunƙarar dam ɗin an ɗaga shi a tsaye tare da axis na tsakiya. | Kyakkyawan ma'auni na kwanciyar hankali da farashi. | Mafi rikitarwa don ƙira da ginawa fiye da sauran hanyoyin biyu. |
Ba tare da la’akari da hanyar ba, manufar ita ce: ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan shinge mai tsayayye wanda zai iya jure matsi na cikin gida da ƙarfin waje kamar girgizar ƙasa na ƙarni.
Wace rawa injinan layi, magudanar ruwa, da tsarin kula da ruwa suke takawa?
TSF ba kwandon wanka bane da aka rufe. Ruwa yana gudana akai-akai tare da wutsiyar wutsiya kuma tana faɗowa kamar ruwan sama. Gudanar da wannan ruwa yana da mahimmanci don kwanciyar hankali da kare muhalli.
Tsarin layi da magudanar ruwa sune jinin rayuwar kayan aikin. Layukan layi suna hana gurɓataccen ruwa shiga cikin ƙasa, yayin da magudanar ruwa ke tattara wannan ruwan su kai shi zuwa tafki ta yadda za a iya juyar da shi zuwa shukar don sake amfani da shi.
Na ba da HDPE geomembranes don yawancin waɗannan ayyukan, kuma layin layi da hanyar sadarwar magudanar ruwa shine mafi mahimmancin sashi guda ɗaya don amincin muhalli. Ga yadda tsarin ruwa ke aiki:
- Tsarin layi: Dukkanin tushe na TSF an lullube shi tare da geomembrane mai nauyi (kamar HDPE) kuma sau da yawa layin layi na biyu (kamar GCL ko yumbu mai yumɓu) don ƙirƙirar shinge mara ƙarfi.
- Ƙarƙashin hanyar sadarwa: An shimfiɗa hanyar sadarwa na bututu mai raɗaɗi a saman layin. Wadannan bututu suna tattara duk wani ruwa da ya gangaro ta cikin wutsiyar da aka kafa.
- Farfadowar Ruwa (Tsarin Tsari): Hasumiya mai lalacewa ko jerin famfunan bututun ruwa koyaushe yana cire ruwa daga cikin tafki mai girma.
- Sake yin amfani da su: Dukkanin ruwan da aka tattara-daga magudanar ruwa da kuma tsarin da ba a iya gani ba-ana mayar da su zuwa masana'antar sarrafa su. Wannan yana rage buƙatun ma'adinan na ruwa mai daɗi kuma muhimmin sashi ne na ainihin aikin TSF na biyu: sake yin amfani da ruwa.
Gudanar da ruwa mai inganci yana kiyaye ajiyar wutsiya a bushe da kwanciyar hankali yayin da ake kare ruwan karkashin kasa.
Yaya ake sarrafa TSF, kulawa, da haɓakawa akan lokaci?
A TSF is a living structure that requires constant attention. It is not a "set-and-forget" kayan aiki. Yin aiki da ba daidai ba shine babban sanadin gazawa.
A TSF is operated through a continuous cycle of deposition, water removal, and monitoring. The embankment is raised in carefully planned stages ("lifts") as the facility fills, with its stability constantly verified by a vast network of geotechnical instruments.
Gudanar da TSF na zamani an gina shi a kan tushe na yanke shawara mai haɗari, wanda ya ƙunshi matakai uku na kulawa.
Zagayowar Aiki da Kulawa
- Ci gaba da Sakawa: Ana ajiye wutsiya bisa ga tsarin da ke tabbatar da ko da rarrabawa da ingantaccen tsarin rairayin bakin teku.
- Gudanar da Ruwa Mai Aiki: Ana kiyaye girman girman tafki zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta don rage matsa lamba akan dam da rage haɗarin muhalli.
- Kulawa da Tsayawa: Cibiyar sadarwa ta kayan aiki tana auna mahimman ma'aunin kwanciyar hankali a ainihin-lokaci:
- Piezometers: Auna matsa lamba na ruwa a cikin dam da wutsiya.
- Inginometers: Gano motsin hankali ko karkatar da ginin.
- Seepage Weirs: Auna adadin ruwan da ke ratsa cikin dam.
- Ƙirar da aka tsara: Dangane da bayanan sa ido da adadin cika, ana ɗaga madatsar ruwa a cikin ɗagawa masu sarrafawa, sau da yawa sau ɗaya kowace shekara ko biyu.
- Sharhi masu zaman kansu: Ayyukan ginin ana duba su akai-akai ta allunan bita na wutsiya masu zaman kansu don tabbatar da ana sarrafa ta cikin aminci kuma daidai da tsarinta.
Wannan tsauraran sake zagayowar aiki yana tabbatar da cewa TSF ta tsaya tsayin daka yayin da take girma zuwa tsayin ƙira ta ƙarshe cikin shekaru masu yawa.
Ƙarshe
Wurin ajiyar wutsiya wani yanki ne mai kuzari kuma muhimmin sashi na hakar ma'adinai na zamani, wanda aka ƙera don dalilai biyu na ɗaukar sharar dindindin da sake amfani da ruwa. Ayyukansa alƙawarin injiniya ne na dogon lokaci.
