In mining engineering practice, tailings ponds and heap leach pads are distinct operational systems. However, during the early design phases, specification drafting, or procurement, the "liner system" yawanci yana da haɗari fiye da sauƙaƙa.

Mu akai-akai muna ganin teloli waɗanda ke ɗaukar geomembrane azaman kayayyaki na yau da kullun, muna ɗauka cewa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun dam ɗin wutsiya zai yi aiki ta atomatik don kushin leach, muddin kauri ya kasance iri ɗaya. Wannan kuskure ne na asali.

Duk da yake duka tsarin biyu galibi suna amfani da Polyethylene High-Density (HDPE), dabarun aikin injiniya na tuƙi zaɓin su ya bambanta. Ɗayan yana mai da hankali kan ɗaukar dogon lokaci na sharar gida, yayin da ɗayan yana mai da hankali kan haɓakar dawo da ruwa mai mahimmanci a ƙarƙashin babban nauyin injina.

Manufar wannan labarin ba shine don ayyana waɗannan tsarin ba - kun riga kun san menene su. Madadin haka, mun fayyace dalilin da ya sa ba za a iya musanya dabarun ƙirar su ba, dangane da takamaiman bayanan danniya da haɗarin da muke fuskanta a ayyukan samar da ma'adinai na duniya B2B.

2. Shin Sharuɗɗan Ayyuka iri ɗaya ne?

Mafarin farawa don kowane zaɓin abu shine yanayin aiki. Duk da yake aikace-aikacen biyu sun haɗa da ƙulla, yanayin jiki da sinadarai da ke aiki akan layin gabaɗaya.

2.1 Tailings Tailings: Static Load da Slow Tari

Wurin adana wutsiya (TSF) yana aiki da gaske azaman baho na dindindin.

• Ana lodi: Ana lodawa a hankali. Ana ajiye slurry na wutsiya a cikin yadudduka, a hankali yana haɓaka matsin lamba na hydrostatic tsawon shekaru da yawa. Da zarar an ajiye shi, kayan gabaɗaya a tsaye suke.
• Jiha: Yanayin yana da ƙayyadaddun barbashi masu kyau (slimes / yashi) da babban adadin ruwa. Jirgin yana fuskantar ci gaba da matsa lamba na hydrostatic daga babban kandami.
• Chemistry: Ruwan sharar gida ne. Duk da yake yana iya ƙunsar ƙarfe masu nauyi ko sarrafa sinadarai, makasudin shi ne keɓantawa mara iyaka. Harin sinadari yana dawwama amma ba ya dawwama.

2.2 Gilashin Leach Leach: Gudun Tafiya mai Sauƙi da Cin Hanci na Injini

Kushin leach mai tsiro shine mai sarrafa sinadarai.

• Ana lodi: Load ɗin yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da tsari. Nikakken tama (sau da yawa mai kaifi da mara nauyi) ana toshe shi a cikin dagawa, wani lokaci yakan kai tsayin mita 50 zuwa 100. Kayan aiki masu nauyi (masu jigilar kaya, stackers, dozers) suna aiki kai tsaye sama da tsarin layi yayin gini.
• Jiha: Manufar takamaiman ita ce kwarara. Muna ban ruwa da gangan. Dole ne mai layin layi ya rike shugaban na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa na maganin leach mai ciki (PLS) yana gudana zuwa tashoshi masu tarin yawa.
• Chemistry: The solution is the "money." Yana haifar da m, yanayi mai ƙarfi (sau da yawa babban pH cyanide don zinari, ko ƙarancin pH sulfuric acid don jan ƙarfe) wanda koyaushe yana cika kuma yana motsawa a saman saman layi.

Takeaway: Tailings liners fuskantar a gwajin jimrewa a tsaye; tudu leach liner fuska a gwajin inji mai tsauri da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa.

3. Ta yaya Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Liner ya bambanta?

Saboda yanayin aiki ya bambanta, fifikon aikin injiniya-saboda haka ƙayyadaddun da muke ba da shawara ga masu siye-dole ne su canza.

3.1 Tailings Fadakarwa fifiko: Lokaci da Kwanciyar hankali

A cikin aikin wutsiya, layin layi shine shinge na ƙarshe tsakanin sharar gida mai guba da ruwan ƙasa. Falsafar ƙira ita ce ra'ayin mazan jiya.

• Resistance Crack Resistance (ESCR): Wannan shine MVP (Mafi Girman Siga) don wutsiya. Ƙarƙashin nauyin nauyin wutsiya, mai layi yakan fuskanci damuwa mai yawa-axial, musamman ma idan akwai bambanci a cikin subgrade. Idan kayan yana da ƙananan ESCR, zai gaji-fashe cikin lokaci. Muna ba da fifikon resins tare da ƙimar ESCR masu girma (wucewa daidaitattun buƙatun GRI-GM13) don zurfin TSFs.
• Haƙurin Matsala: Tailings madatsun ruwa sukan daidaita. Dole ne mai layi ya kasance yana da kaddarorin elongation don nakasu ba tare da tsagewa ba.
• Juriya na Tsawon Sinadarai: Tunda ruwan ya tsaya a can har abada, duk wani jinkirin lalata sinadari zai lalata ginin shekaru da yawa bayan rufewa.

3.2 Mahimman Abubuwan Heap Leach Pad: Tsayawa da Farfaɗowa

A cikin aikin leach leach, layin layi yana cikin layin samarwa. Idan ya kasa, kun rasa samarwa.

• Juriya na Huda: Wannan ita ce damuwar farko. Tun da aka niƙaƙen tama a saman (sau da yawa tare da siraren kariya mai kariya kawai), geomembrane dole ne ya yi tsayayya da huda daga duwatsu masu kaifi. Sau da yawa muna ba da shawarar abubuwan da aka ƙera ba kawai don juzu'i ba, amma saboda tsarin rubutu na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin mu'amalar takardar tare da ƙasa mai karewa.
• Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa: Heap leach pads galibi ana gina su akan gangara don sauƙaƙe magudanar ruwa. Matsakaicin juzu'i tsakanin Geomembrane da Ƙasa (ko GCL) yana da mahimmanci. Idan wannan juzu'in ya yi ƙasa sosai, tulin duka na iya zamewa- babban bala'i na gazawar ilimin geotechnical. Rubutun geomembrane kusan wajibi ne a nan.
• Ayyukan Ruwa: The liner must facilitate the flow of PLS to the collection pipes. Wrinkles or poor installation can create "dead spots" inda karfen da aka narkar da shi ke samun tarko kuma ba a taba samun su ba.

4. Shin Zabin Kauri na Geomembrane Ne Ke Kore Ta Hannun Dabaru ɗaya?

A common misconception in procurement is that thickness is purely a function of budget. "If we have money, we buy 2.0mm; if not, 1.5mm." Wannan dabara ce mai haɗari. Zaɓin kauri shine martanin injiniya ga takamaiman damuwa.

4.1 Kauri a cikin Tafkunan Tailings

A cikin aikace-aikacen wutsiya, kauri yana bayarwa juriya yadawa da buffering danniya.

• Litattafai masu kauri (1.5mm ko 2.0mm) suna da ƙananan ƙima don yaɗuwar sinadarai sama da shekaru 50 ko 100.
• Har ila yau, kauri yana ba da ɓangarorin aminci game da fashewar damuwa (SCR) wanda aka jawo ta rashin lahani ko firar dutse waɗanda aka rasa yayin shirye-shiryen ƙasa.
• Duk da haka, yin kauri yawanci yana rage sassauci, wanda zai iya zama mai fa'ida idan ana sa ran ƙaddamarwa zai daidaita sosai.

4.2 Kauri a cikin Heap Leach Pads

A cikin tudun leach, kauri shine da farko makamai.

• Babban haɗari shine lalacewar gini da lodin tama. Lokacin da dozer ta tura tama ta farko akan layin, haɗarin huda ya fi girma.
• Layin 2.0mm yana ba da juriya mai mahimmanci fiye da layin 1.5mm.
• Bugu da ƙari, ƙarƙashin manyan matsi masu nauyi (misali, kushin leach na jan karfe mai tsayin mita 100), kauri yana hana lilin yin ƙudi da yawa saboda nau'ikan da ke kusa da su.

Hankalin mu: Sau da yawa muna ganin ayyukan Heap Leach suna ƙayyadad da 2.0mm LLDPE ko HDPE musamman don ƙarfin injina yayin lokacin tarawa, yayin da ayyukan Tailings na iya mannewa zuwa 1.5mm HDPE amma tare da ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun resin don tsawon rayuwa.

5. Wadanne Hanyoyi na Kasawa Ne Na Musamman ga Kowane Tsari?

To understand why we select different materials, we must understand what "failure" kama a duniyar gaske. Rashin gazawa ba rami ne kawai a cikin filastik; sakamakon wannan rami ne.

5.1 Kasawar Wutsiya: Rikicin Muhalli da Shari'a

Idan layin wutsiya ya gaza, abin da ke cikin ya keta.

• Sakamakon: Masu gurɓatawa suna shiga cikin magudanar ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da rufewar tsari, tara tara mai yawa, da kuma farashin gyara wanda zai iya rushe aikin.
• Ganewa: Yana da matukar wahala a gano ɗigon ruwa a ƙasan mitoci 30 na cikakken sludge.
• Gyara: Ba zai yuwu ba. Ba za ku iya zubar da tafkin wutsiya don faci rami ba. Dole ne tsarin layi ya zama cikakke daga ranar 1 saboda ba shi da samuwa har abada.

5.2 Rashin Rashin Leach Leach: Jini na Tattalin Arziki (OPEX)

Idan tudun leach liner ya gaza, sakamakon shine asarar kuɗi nan take.

• Sakamakon: You are leaking "Pregnant Solution" (zinari ko tagulla) a cikin ƙasa. Adadin dawo da ku ya ragu. Kuna hako ma'adinai kyauta.
• Ganewa: Rijiyoyin sa ido za su nuna tsintsiya madaurinki daya a cikin karfe, ko kuma yawan kwararar ruwa a tafkin dawo da su zai ragu ba tare da wani bayani ba.
• Gyara: Hakanan kusan ba zai yiwu ba a ƙarƙashin tulin. Koyaya, an auna gazawar a nan Batar da Kuɗi. Mun ga ma'adinan suna aiki tare da sanannun ɗigogi kawai saboda cire tarin tsibin ya fi tsadar zinare da aka rasa-amma wannan mummunan matsayi ne na aiki da za a shiga.

6. Hadarin, Iyakoki, da Lokacin da Standard HDPE Bai Isa ba

In B2B purchasing, there is a tendency to default to "Standard HDPE GRI-GM13." Duk da yake wannan ma'auni yana da kyau, yana da tushe, ba rufi ba.

Yaushe daidaitaccen HDPE ya gaza a cikin waɗannan aikace-aikacen?

1. Maɗaukakin Leach Pads: Wasu matakai na leaching na halitta (musamman jan ƙarfe) suna haifar da gagarumin zafi (haɓakar haɓakawa), haɓaka yanayin zafi na ciki zuwa 60 ° C ko sama. Daidaitaccen HDPE yana da ɗan gajeren rayuwa a babban yanayin zafi saboda raguwar antioxidant. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, dole ne mu samar Juriya mai girma-zazzabi geomembranes tare da fakitin antioxidant na musamman.
2. Bituminous Geomembranes (BGM): A cikin yanayin sanyi mai tsananin sanyi ko kuma inda ƙananan matakan ke da ƙanƙara sosai, daidaitaccen HDPE na iya samun ƙanƙanwar zafi mai yawa ko kamuwa da huda. A wasu aikace-aikacen wutsiya, ana amfani da BGM maimakon HDPE saboda ƙarfinsa mafi girma da ƙananan haɓakar haɓakar thermal, duk da mafi girman farashi.
3. Amfanin LLDPE: Don murfin kushin leach ko wuraren da ke buƙatar babban sassauci, HDPE na iya zama mai tauri. Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) sau da yawa ana musanya shi don aikin sa na multiaxial, duk da cewa juriyarsa ta ɗan ragu kaɗan.

Ƙarshe

Rinjayen kandami na wutsiya da layukan leach pad ba mafita ba ne masu musanya ma'adinai. Abubuwan na musamman ne na injinan masana'antu guda biyu daban-daban.

• Tailings Tailings: Wurin ajiya na dogon lokaci.
  • Mayar da hankali: Tsayayyen sinadarai, ESCR, juriyar sasantawa.
  • Hadari: Bala'i na muhalli.
• Heap Leach Pad: Babban injin sarrafa sinadarai.
  • Mayar da hankali: Fuskantar mu'amala, juriya mai ɗaukar nauyi mai nauyi, kwararar ruwa.
  • Hadari: Asarar tattalin arziki (ɓataccen samfurin).

When sourcing materials for these projects, do not rely on a single data sheet to cover both applications. The "best" liner ba shine wanda yake da cikakkun bayanai na gaba ɗaya ba, amma wanda aka ƙera shi don tsira da takamaiman yanayin gazawar aikin ma'adinan ku.

A da Kwararre mai hana ruwa ruwa, Muna nazarin sigogin aikin- zurfin tafkin, tsayin tama, nau'in nau'i na nau'i, da kayan shafa na sinadarai-kafin bada shawarar yin nadi na filastik. Tabbatar da dacewa da aikace-aikacen ita ce hanya ɗaya tilo don tabbatar da dorewar ma'adinan na dogon lokaci.